Bipolar Disorder and its misdiagnosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bipolar Disorder and its misdiagnosis - Essay Example It is considered a genetic malfunction of specific neurotransmitters which lie inactive until a stressor in life triggers them. There are certain medications which can also trigger mania for example antidepressants can produce mania in some of the patients who are vulnerable to bipolar disorder. Therefore it is very necessary to treat bipolar disorder with care and caution as because a depressive episode can readily turn into a manic episode. Some other stressors as lack of sleep, frequent use of stimulants and alcohol can increase the risk of the bipolar disorder. Hence, depression and bipolar/manic depression are two very different conditions and necessitate accurate diagnosis before treating any of the disorders. Bipolar disorder is further subdivided into three types, Including Bipolar I, II and Cyclothymic disorder. Type III bipolar disorder which is not a DSM-IV recognized disorder and includes relatives of the manic depression sufferers who themselves suffered from major depre ssive episodes. ... (PubMed, 2011)Carbamazipine, Lithium, Valproate, Lamotrigine and other ant seizure drugs can help reduce the severity of the situation. Antipsychotics and anti anxiety for mood problems are suggested. More than 25% patients are misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms of manic depression and unipolar depression. However, use of antidepressants can lead to increase risk of suicide and mania in patients of bipolarism. Underuse of effective medication and overuse of antidepressants is common among the misdiagnosed patients which is possibly a harmful treatment regimen for the bipolar patient. The patients with early onset and treatment refractory depression are the ones mostly misdiagnosed as unipolar depression instead of bipolarism. For this purpose a study was conducted in United Kingdom and approved by Cardiff and Vale University health board. It aimed to determine the extent of misdiagnosis in the primary care patients with unipolar depression who satisfy the DSM IV criteria of bip olar depression. Second aim was to investigate the usefulness of two screening instruments of testing Bipolar disorder and if patients with false positive results from these testing gears differ from manic patients in the study. For this purpose a total of 3117 patients were selected eligible from the data base of practitioners who fulfilled the criteria. Invitation sheets with HCL 32 and BSD questionnaire was sent to the participants. 576 patients replied with completed questionnaire and were divided in two groups and were reviewed according to age, gender and first diagnosis of depression and patients on continued medication. There were high scorers, scoring more than 13 or 14 in HCL and BSD’s and a group of low scorers with

Integration Efforts in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Integration Efforts in Latin America - Essay Example Considerably, several Latin American countries were successful after the World War and established scientific, industrial and technical infrastructures, in generating organizational and managerial capacities, training workers and in developing multinational industrial structures. The Latin American countries’ economies grew spontaneously and soon they were competing with the strong economies in the world (Balasa et al. 1986, p. 34). Regional integration has had a momentous responsibility in the design of global and prolific policies in Latin American states. Balasa et al (1986, p. 36) notes that the conception of unity and integration among the Latin countries has existed since the wave of independence movements that swept the continent in the early 19th century. Spanish Empire Leader, Simon Bolivar, had dreamt of a united Latin America. Today, notable advances have been made towards regional integration. The success of the European integration prompted the Latin American coun tries to merge to form a regional block. This move was faced with development challenges (Iglesias, 2000, p. 24). The discussion on integration is a deep process delineated by efforts to harmonize policies between countries and yield dominion to a supranational body. Integration is described as an incessant learning and approximation process susceptible to crisis. Capannelli et al (2009, p. 10) notes that integration is typified by more integrated political, economic and social policies. Because of the colonial rule, dependency and underdevelopment, Latin American countries have been economically susceptible. Reliance on the exports of primary export products and the importation of manufactured goods resulted to competition to the domestic industries which prevented their development. The integration efforts made emerged to curtail the impacts of the unequal global economy relationship. In spite of the momentum for integration, diverse objectives among countries, vulnerability to in ternational crisis and lack unity and trust among the member states have inhibited the integration process (Tiefenbrun, 2012). The Latin American Integration emerged after the great depression after the World War. These countries wanted to liberate themselves from the world superpower countries. With industrial subsidies and lofty tariffs, the Latin American countries believed that domestic companies and industries would have an opportunity to develop and reduce the over dependence on manufactured imported items (Hughes & Singh, 1991, p.78). To some extent, Latin American integration succeeded and failed. This paper outlines the failures and successes of the Latin American integration and the factors that caused them. Failures of Latin American Integration and the causes Because of the pressures of the first evolving world, Latin American countries have come up with many sub-regional integration organizations (Balasa et al 1986, p. 34), fundamentally to promote economic integration and trade liberalization. Unfortunately, most of them could not go beyond rhetorical political statements. For this reason, most of the regional integration processes failed. The primary argument is that the different goals and political systems by different Latin American countries brought about economic failure (Fishlow, 1991, p. 36). This is attributed to domestic causes other than international economic forces.

How The Grinch Stole Christmas

How The Grinch Stole Christmas How the Grinch stole Christmas is the rhymed story, beautifully illustrated by Dr. Seuss. This rhyming story not only sounds pleasant while listening, but it also gives a good lesson to all of the readers or listeners. This poem has been written 69 years ago, but it still charms the people of every age (Gikow, ‎ 2000). Theodor Seuss Geisel, also known as Dr. Seuss, was a well known poet, writer and cartoonist. He is well known for his book on children. He represents nonsense poetry, childrens literature, learning how to read and energetic cartoons. Dr. Seuss was a purist in his work and he sometimes, would spend approx. a year on a particular book (Stan, ‎2006). Dr. Seuss is probably the most beloved author of childrens Book, of the past century. He used his power of imagination to develop outstanding kids books. He not only created the unique and fun text, but he also helped children learn through that text. His books, though written for starters, appeal to people of all ages (Philip‎, 2004). How the Grinch Stole Christmas is the classic childrens story of all time. From teaching point of view, this story is not only perfect for the children, who are in their ready-to-read age, but it is also the perfect poem for teacher to teach with all the interests of the Starters. This story was first published as a book in 1957 by Random House. The book criticizes and is based o the Christmas commercialization. This book is also named as the Teachers Top 100 Books for children, by an online poll. This book also contains illustrations by Dr. Seuss, which add to the interest of the children. On the Top of the Mount Crumpit, which was in the north side of the Whoville, there lived a cat like thing known as the Grinch. The Grinch was green in color and used to live in a cave. His only friend was a tiny dog Max. From the mount, the Grinch could see that the people of Whoville, known as Whos, celebrating Christmas Eve and festivities. He could also hear their voices of excitement and singing. He watched those exchanging Christmas gifts and their Carol-singing. People of Whoville loved Christmas and they always wanted to enjoy this season with merriment. The Grinch was very much jealous of their happiness. He could no more endure them celebrating their favorite season. His heart was too sizes too small. So he decided to ruin their happiness (Dr. Seuss‎, 2000). So the Grinch, with his poorly dressed dog Max, went down the steep. Grinch had had his enough of Christmas business He was determined to destroy each and everything related to Christmas once and for all. So he sneaked into the houses of the Whos and stole their Christmas presents. He also stole their meals, decorations. He then started for his mount to take this loot up. He was determined to throw all these Christmas garbage. But at the very last moment, he heard a sound of Whos. This sound was coming from Whoville. All the Who were singing for the Christmas. Despite the fact that there was nothing in their houses to enjoy, they were singing together. Suddenly the Grinch felt remorse. He came back with all their stuff and joined the Christmas song. The Grinchs Attitude If we look into the character of the Grinch, we can see that he is obviously the Antagonist. Grinch was a miserable person, miserably against the happiness of others. He perfectly represents the Bad Guy of the story and typically lonely. He was not only physically alone, but more importantly he was a social outcast. He had no interaction with the people and lives in complete social isolation. He never felt any attraction or affection to the people of Whoville. He just lived above the mountain. Watching them, singing merrily and exchanging gifts with each other, always made him jealous. So he plotted against their happiness. He wanted to deprive them of the things which make them happy. He did not want to see anybody happy, as long as he is unhappy with his life. He thought when the people of Whoville would not have anything to celebrate Christmas with; they will all became sad and unhappy like him. This was the only thing that could make him happy. Dr. Seuss made his point very clear that lonely people hates facing cheering crowds Change in the Grinchs Attitude After Stealing all the things the Grinch thought that he had made the people of Whoville unhappy. But then he heard them singing like the way they always do. Only after then, a Shocking realization struck him. He realized that his plan totally failed. He had not managed to stop the celebrations of Christmas. Without any present and decorations, the people of Whoville were still celebrating the Christmas Eve with merriment. The Grinch realized that Christmas has nothing to do with the gifts and decoration. It even comes to those who have nothing in their houses. He can never steal Christmas, because Christmas is not a tangible thing. Christmas is something quite different. He can never prevent Christmas from coming. He has always misunderstood the merriment of the people of Whoville. He was in the state of utter shock. Though Grinch was a cruel and a lonely person but he still had a heart, which was innocent. He loved people inside and wanted to enjoy their gathering. But he never managed to join them by himself. He tried to steal their happiness, but he realizes that happiness was not about material thing. It can also be achieved, even if you have nothing. The situation introduced him to this new reality. It was shocking, but true. Christmas is not about presents and decorations, its all about inside merriment. The Grinch, with nothing in his possession, can even enjoy Christmas with the people of the Whoville. Dr. Seuss wants to tell us that Christmas is not about material things and commercialization. It is not about decorations and spending. Christmas is all about loving each other and spending time with your loved one. By this story he showed us all that, even the Grinch took all the things of Whos, but they still celebrated Christmas. Love, peace and harmony are the true message of the Christmas. Gifts and trees have nothing to do with the Christmas.

Science and the Community :: Business Management Studies

Science and the Community How GSK affects the community in which it is situated. Gsk may affect the local community which it is situated in many different ways as most of their employees are not from local community so the company hardly have an impact on the community. How many people do GSK employed and the skills they used ? Gsk employed about 110,000 employees worldwide; with quarter of the amount doing research and development. In Stevenage there is about 2400 staff of which 70% are laboratory scientist. There are many different skills used by their employees as they used science in every aspect of research and development. They uses science technicians for discovering new drugs which is a high tech process therefore they use robotics extensively as they are more efficient and effective than using human technicians. Most of there scientist interface there experiment with IT systems for running them, monitoring them and collecting and analysing results. Basic economic cost Gsk need money for basic economic cost as they currently spend over  £6 million per day doing research worldwide. They also used up a lot of money developing medicine as at least  £50 million and it takes up 10-12 years. However they do benefit from this as they get in profit for the shareholders and put some money back into research. The company also have to spend money on environment health and safety. They have Capital investment projects include projects related to designing, sitting and installing systems related to wastewater treatment. In 2003, there was a sharp decrease in capital investment to conclusion of a major wastewater treatment plant expansion and upgrade project at one of their large primary manufacturing sites. Their Capital investment of their Environment Health and Safety projects was totalled  £10.5 million in 2003 a decrease of 43% from  £18.3 million in 2002. One of their primary manufacturing sites completed a large-scale wastewater treatment upgrade in 2002. This rationalisation effort and general cost control measures contributed to the decrease in capital investment. Transport cost Gsk supply coaches for Stevenage station for their workers who have to commute which have cost them a lot of the years because most of their works does not live locally and most of their staff travel by train because of the congestion that could be on the A1 at times so these b people will benefit from the free coach. Gsk also have to pay their employee and so they give out as they take in. The benefit of the science used Gsk is a world leading research-based pharmaceutical company with a powerful combination of skills and resources that provides a platform for delivering strong growth in today's rapidly changing healthcare

Prezi Reflection

Prezi Reflection and Review The entire process of creating and presenting the Prezi was a huge collaborative learning experience for me. Time management was one of the greatest challenges we faced throughout the creation process. As a group, we had to find non-clashing time slots in our schedules in order to meet and design a layout for our project. After brainstorming and designating four major areas of interest for each team member through texts and emails, we made an appointment at the CommLab. One of the English professors helped us with learning the Prezi interface and facilitated the designing of the structure for our Prezi.The toughest challenge our group faced was to maintain coherence throughout our project. This was intrinsically difficult because our group focused on the diversity of reality and thus we went into very unique branches of thought such as Fundamental Science, Politics, Art, etc. Later on, Professor Harkey gave us valuable feedback as to how to orient our visu al structure in order to achieve maximum engagement and coherence. Everything started to fall in place when we created a linked Prezi which allowed all four of us to access and edit the group’s Prezi simultaneously and independently at our own convenience.I would say this is one of Prezi’s greatest advantages over other presentation softwares. It was incredible for me to log onto our Prezi presentation at say 11:30 p. m. and see my teammates adding content. I could literally see the Prezi grow radially building up with more connections between major areas of interest. It was tough not to get sucked into one of my partner’s chain of thought as he or she was dynamically appending the presentation. However, these distractions proved to be beneficial when we began texting each other while observing each other’s contribution.Creativity manifested itself in the minor changes we made while we were working on the presentation together. Technology seemed to overpo wer obstacles such as distance and time and it gave us a feeling of control. It created a hyperreality by almost convincing us that we were working in the same room together. Our group was assigned to review group Foxtrot. The major question they tried to answer in their presentation was â€Å"what is realness with reference to the real world? † In terms of their organization, they followed a very simple structure comprised of concentric circles.This made it easy for the audience to follow along in a sequential manner but I feel they slightly underutilized Prezi’s capabilities. For each subtopic, they were able to present a well justified argument in their view. I felt they could have enriched their presentation in this aspect by justifying their claims through more perspectives. One good example of the multimodal approach can be found in their presentation. They first used a video with text alone showing the dialogue from the movie, The Matrix. Then, they played the a ctual piece containing that dialogue.Thus, it was an instance where they mixed oral, visual, and non-verbal modes quite fluently. The unique aspect about their presentation that distinguishes them is the fact that they relied on verbal communication relatively more than any other group in our class. Thus, one is inclined to believe that their presentation is brief when viewing their Prezi independently although that is not the reality. The very act of focusing their presentation orally to create a discussive environment shows a good deal of Rhetorical Awareness. They could have achieved a better sense of balance in this regard by distributing the time each member spoke equally.Overall, they did well in all these different areas of evaluation. They especially did well when you take into account that their presentation was broken into two pieces due to time constraints and they were one member short during the presentation. I can clearly see that the entire Prezi assignment has helped both of our groups attain some clarity on the different issues that â€Å"realness† brings up. It has also given us a better understanding of how different modes can be used to create different responses in the audience with the same content. The Prezi assignment like I said before has truly been a great learning experience.

Vinland Saga’s

VINLAND SAGAS: THE QUEST TO NORTH AMERICA BY: KAMALJOT BRAR 5206404 HISTORY 1F90 PREPARED FOR: AARON RODENBURG 3, THURSDAY, 1000-1100 DUE: OCTOBER 11th 2012, SUBMIT: OCTOBER 11th 2012 A saga is described to be a short story with historical significance that summarizes in detail events that took place during a certain period of time. In terms of Ancient Scandinavia and the Viking Age, sagas are stories of voyages of Vikings that include subjects like migration, battles, and family and inter-societal interactions.These sagas were written by unknown authors well after the actual events occurred. The Vinland Sagas translated by Keneva Kunz and edited by Gisli Sigurdsson includes two accounts of the Norse voyage to North America; The Saga of the Greenlanders and Eirik the Red’s Saga. Both sagas help to describe the journey to discover North America. However, each tell the prose in a different perspective. The differences between the two sagas include the initial accidental discover y of lands west of Greenland, the discovery of Keel Point, and the voyage by Thorvald.On the other hand there were also similar aspects of the sagas that include the way the western lands were discovered and named, the story behind Leif and the shipwrecked crew, and the length of the voyages. While both sagas are detailing the events of the Icelandic migration to North America, they are not completely identical in the way the events are summarized. One difference between the two sagas is the initial discovery of the lands to the west of Greenland. In The Saga of the Greenlanders, after Bjarni initially noticed the lands to the west, curiosity spread amongst the people of new lands.Leif was the first to venture to the West in hopes to find the lands; he soon purchased Bjarni’s ship and led on a voyage of his own with fellow companions. 1 However, Eirik the Red’s Saga records the initial discovery of the new lands by the voyage by Karlsefni and Gudrid who were accompanie d by Freydis, Thorvard, Thorvald, and Thorhall. 2 This shows the discrepancy between the sagas and questions validity of who actually found and named the lands. The 1 second difference between the two accounts is the origin of Keel Point.The first saga tells the reader after Thorvald’s ship was wrecked, he announced to his companions that the spot of this unfortunate event will be called Keel Point. 3 Instead, the second saga reveals that Keel Point was just another piece of land named by Karlsefni and Gudrid’s voyage, after they witnessed seeing a keel of a boat around that area. 4 This difference outlines the different perspective the writers had in the story, it forces one to question the meaning of that ship wreck. Another difference is the role of Thorvald, and how it differs between the two sagas.Thorvald in the first saga is seen more independent as he leads his own voyage with his own companions after he thinks Leif did an inadequate job in exploring Vinland. 5 His role in the second saga is altered. He does not lead his own voyage, instead travels along with Karlsefni and Gudrid during their voyage to Vinland. 6 The less importance of Thorvald in the second saga makes historians believe that the writer of the first saga could have been closer to Thorvald which gives him more of an image. Along with the differences, the sagas do have many details of the voyages that can be closely comparable.In both the sagas the reader is told about the discovery of the lands west of Greenland by an accidental occurrence. The first saga describes Bjarni’s discovery of the lands to happen after his ship is blown off course to Greenland where he was going to meet with his father. 7 This is similar to the second saga where Leif finds Vinland by chance, when he is tossed about in the sea while on his way to Greenland to spread Christianity. This allows one to validate the route taken by the voyagers to North America. Another similarity between the two accounts is the story about Leif and how he earned the nickname Lucky.In the first saga, Leif comes across a group of stranded men 8 2 on a skerry and ends up rescuing fifteen of them. 9 This story is alike to the one from the second saga. Leif on his way to Greenland comes across a shipwreck, where he finds men in trouble; he ends up taking them home and sheltering them during the winter. 10 Thus, he gains the nickname Leif the Lucky. This similarity not only shines light on Leif Eirikkson, but also helps to confirm Leif’s voyage to Greenland, since both the accounts agree upon the event.The last similarity is the close connection between the lengths of the voyages. During Leif’s voyage in the first saga it is said that the time spent at sea between one point to another was two days. From Markland to the discovery of Vinland it took Leif two days at sea. 11 Likewise in the second saga the voyage of Karlsefni and Gudrid had similar lengths to the voyage of Leif. Ident ically to Leif, Karlsefni’s voyage from Markland to Vinland also took two days at sea. 12 Since both sagas describe the oyages to have taken the some amount of time, it allows historians to value this source in validating the discovery of the lands because there is no discrepancy between the length of time spent at sea. As a secondary source The Vinland Sagas prove to be a valuable piece of history. Not only because the sagas are the only account available from the 11th and 12th century, but that the accounts together help to piece together the voyages made by the Vikings to America. Together the sagas compliment each other because they help to give different perspective of the Vikings discovery.Since there are many similarities between the two, it allows historians to infer that the sagas truly are factual pieces of evidence to the past. They are also important because it removes the stereotype of the Vikings being nothing but pure savages. It shows that the Vikings were suc cessful pioneers and made profound discoveries 3 In conclusion the sagas hold both differences and similarities. The differences they had was the person who initially had discovered and named the new found land, the origin of the place called Keel Point, and the role of Thorvald as a voyager.In contrast the similarities they held included the naming and way the lands were discovered, Leif’s reputation of being Lucky, and the identical travel time on sea. Although the sagas may fluctuate with the differences and similarities, this source of history is still very feasible and valuable when looking back to the 11th and 12th century during the Viking Age. 4 Notes 1. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"The Saga of the Greenlanders† In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 5-7. 2. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"Eirik the Red’s Saga† In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 40-41. . Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 10. 4. Sigurdsson, Eiri k the Red, 41. 5. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 9-10. 6. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 40. 7. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 4. 8. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 34-35. 9. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 8-9. 10. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 35. 11. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 6. 12. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 41. 5 Bibliography Sigurdsson, Gisli. â€Å"Eirik the Red's Saga. † In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 23-51. Sigurdsson, Gisli. â€Å"The Saga of the Greenlanders . † In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 1-23. 6

Free Essays on The Life Of Tupac Shakur

Tupac Amaru Shakur will go down in history as a rapper who always lived up to his wild reputation. He rapped about gunfights, rough sex, gang rivalries and "Thug Life," and was arrested, jailed, shot and later killed over the same issues. Known as a gifted rapper and a brilliant lyricist, Tupac was often said to be the Marvin Gaye of hip-hop, complex and talented, but a "Trouble Man" to the core. He parlayed his music career into a successful film career and was one of the hardest working men in show business, putting out five albums, five films and numerous guest appearances in just under five years. Tupac lead a full life and accomplished a great deal before his murder in 1996. (Rolling Stone Magazine) Afeni Shakur, born Alice Faye Williams, gave birth to Lesane Parish Crooks while serving time in a Bronx, New York, prison on June 16, 1971. She would call her son Tupac Amaru Shakur, Tupac Amaru after an Incan-chief, meaning â€Å"shining serpent,† and Shakur, Arabic for â€Å"thankful to God.† She was a member of the Black Panther party and successfully defended herself and twenty other members of the Black Panthers against numerous felony and conspiracy charges while pregnant with her son. Tupac’s father was never known or spoke of, but he did have a step-father for a few years of his life. Mutulu Shakur was the only influential man in his life growing up, playing the role of his father and his spiritual advisor. He was soon taken away from Tupac when he was allegedly accused of bank robberies, conspiracies and armored truck heists. He would be sent to prison in 1986 and would have to serve 60 years. (Tupac Shakur :Thug Angel-The Life of an Outlaw) Tupac and his mother would first live in the Bronx, where Afeni would find work as a paralegal and instilled pride, a sense of justice, strength and a thirst for knowledge in her young son. She would go on to lose her job as a paralegal after people found out who she was and ho... Free Essays on The Life Of Tupac Shakur Free Essays on The Life Of Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur will go down in history as a rapper who always lived up to his wild reputation. He rapped about gunfights, rough sex, gang rivalries and "Thug Life," and was arrested, jailed, shot and later killed over the same issues. Known as a gifted rapper and a brilliant lyricist, Tupac was often said to be the Marvin Gaye of hip-hop, complex and talented, but a "Trouble Man" to the core. He parlayed his music career into a successful film career and was one of the hardest working men in show business, putting out five albums, five films and numerous guest appearances in just under five years. Tupac lead a full life and accomplished a great deal before his murder in 1996. (Rolling Stone Magazine) Afeni Shakur, born Alice Faye Williams, gave birth to Lesane Parish Crooks while serving time in a Bronx, New York, prison on June 16, 1971. She would call her son Tupac Amaru Shakur, Tupac Amaru after an Incan-chief, meaning â€Å"shining serpent,† and Shakur, Arabic for â€Å"thankful to God.† She was a member of the Black Panther party and successfully defended herself and twenty other members of the Black Panthers against numerous felony and conspiracy charges while pregnant with her son. Tupac’s father was never known or spoke of, but he did have a step-father for a few years of his life. Mutulu Shakur was the only influential man in his life growing up, playing the role of his father and his spiritual advisor. He was soon taken away from Tupac when he was allegedly accused of bank robberies, conspiracies and armored truck heists. He would be sent to prison in 1986 and would have to serve 60 years. (Tupac Shakur :Thug Angel-The Life of an Outlaw) Tupac and his mother would first live in the Bronx, where Afeni would find work as a paralegal and instilled pride, a sense of justice, strength and a thirst for knowledge in her young son. She would go on to lose her job as a paralegal after people found out who she was and ho...